{"id":938,"date":"2020-02-27T00:22:03","date_gmt":"2020-02-26T21:22:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ista.org.tr\/tahkim-yayinlari\/uye-ve-paydaslarimizdan\/icc-nezdindeki-tahkim-yargilamalarinda-onlem-kilavuzu-copy\/"},"modified":"2020-06-03T00:24:23","modified_gmt":"2020-06-02T21:24:23","slug":"dunya-ticaret-orgutu-uyusmazlik-cozum-mekanizmasinda-reform-ihtiyaci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ista.org.tr\/en\/blog\/haberler\/dunya-ticaret-orgutu-uyusmazlik-cozum-mekanizmasinda-reform-ihtiyaci\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Mekanizmas\u0131nda Reform \u0130htiyac\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
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D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, kurulu\u015funun 25. y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u00fcresel ticaret sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yeni cephesi haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. 2019 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (DT\u00d6) Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n ABD Y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan atanmayan hakimler nedeniyle kitlenmesi uluslararas\u0131 ticaret g\u00fcndeminin ana konular\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc \u00c7in ve Rusya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin, rekabet\u00e7i serbest pazar ekonomisine ge\u00e7i\u015f yapacaklar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc ile kurulmu\u015ftur. Ancak aradan ge\u00e7en zamanda bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn en az\u0131ndan orta vadede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fine dair umutlar t\u00fckenmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00c7in Devleti firmalar\u0131na do\u011frudan destek olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. \u00dcstelik bu uygulamalar 2008 krizinden sonra sanayi politikas\u0131 merkezli olarak \u00f6nce Avrupa \u00dclkelerinde, Trump d\u00f6nemi ile birlikte de ABD\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu yeni politikalar DT\u00d6\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131lacak bir\u00e7ok davaya kaynakl\u0131k etmektedir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede ABD bir taraftan geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin avantajlar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak reform \u00f6nerileri yapmakta, bir taraftan da mevcut \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 kilitlenmektedir. Bu giri\u015fimlerin sonucu olarak g\u00f6rev s\u00fcreleri sona eren iki hakimin temyiz oran\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131 ile birlikte DT\u00d6 Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Sistemi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu not ile konuyu tahkim bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ile de\u011ferlendirecek ve g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7an baz\u0131 konulara \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

DT\u00d6 Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Mekanizmas\u0131 Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor be temyiz organ\u0131 neden kritik?<\/b><\/p>\n

DT\u00d6 Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Mutabakat\u0131na g\u00f6re, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin yap\u0131s\u0131 bir t\u00fcr tahkim heyeti olarak nitelendirilebilecek panellerde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirilmektedir. Panel kararlar\u0131na taraflar\u0131n itiraz etmeleri durumunda yedi yarg\u0131\u00e7tan olu\u015fan temyiz heyetini taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Temyiz heyetinin en ge\u00e7 90 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde verece\u011fi karar, Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Organ\u0131n\u0131n alaca\u011f\u0131 icra karar\u0131 ile birlikte hukuken ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 nitelik kazanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131s\u0131nda temyiz organ\u0131n kritik bir \u00f6nemi bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc panel karar\u0131ndan memnuniyetsiz olan taraf mutlaka temyiz heyetine gitmektedir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm organ\u0131 da kararlara ancak oybirli\u011fi ile itiraz edebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

ABD S\u00fcrecin Teknik i\u015fleyi\u015fine ili\u015fkin ne zamandan beri ele\u015ftirilerde ve m\u00fcdahalede bulunuyor?<\/b><\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu ikili \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sistemine ABD asl\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn kuruldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerden beri taraftar de\u011fildir. ABD\u2019nin \u00f6nerisi tahkim kurulunun nihai karar alaca\u011f\u0131 bir mekanizmayd\u0131. Yarg\u0131\u00e7lardan olu\u015fan bir temyiz mekanizmas\u0131 daha \u00e7ok Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin talebi ile te\u015fkil edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

ABD son 20 y\u0131ld\u0131r temyiz mekanizmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yo\u011fun ele\u015ftiriler getirmekte, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana da temyiz mekanizmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131r koymaktad\u0131r. 2016\u2019dan itibaren ise mekanizman\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131racak m\u00fcdahalelerde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu m\u00fcdahaleler, temyiz heyetindeki yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00f6rev s\u00fcrelerinin birbiri ard\u0131na doldu\u011fu Trump d\u00f6neminde DT\u00d6 Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kilitleyecek bir hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

ABD hangi ele\u015ftirileri getiriyor?<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00b7 Temyiz organ\u0131n\u0131n somut uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusunu a\u015fan karar ve gerek\u00e7e metinleri ile hukuki tespitler yaparak i\u00e7tihat geli\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7ine girmesi. Bu durum \u00fczerinden D\u00fcnya Ticaretine y\u00f6n verme \u00e7abas\u0131<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Karar verme s\u00fcresi, g\u00f6revi sona eren \u00fcyenin dosyadan el \u00e7ekmesi gereklili\u011fi gibi konularda Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Mutabakat\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, temyiz oran\u0131n\u0131n kendi i\u00e7inde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Usullerine g\u00f6re karar al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n 3 halkadan olu\u015fmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n panel kararlar\u0131n\u0131n nihai ve ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olmamas\u0131, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm organ\u0131nda ise oybirli\u011fi gerekmesi nedeniyle di\u011fer iki halkan\u0131n tamamen i\u015flevsiz kalmas\u0131 ve temyiz organ\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131n niteleye sahip olmas\u0131<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Temyiz oran\u0131na \u00fcye atama sisteminin m\u00fcdahaleye a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131, bu m\u00fcdahalelerin hem taraftarl\u0131k hem de s\u00fcreci kilitleme riski ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131<\/p>\n

Kilitlenme tahkim yolu ile nas\u0131l a\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor?<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitli \u00fclkeler mutabakat\u0131n 25. maddesindeki tahkim yolunu esas alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve temyize gitmeyeceklerini \u00f6nceden kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ABD ve Kanada bu yol ile uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zebilecekleri duyurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fen farkl\u0131 taraflar da panel karar\u0131n\u0131 temyize g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeyeceklerini \u00f6nceden kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilmektedir. Bu durumda panel karar\u0131 ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k kazanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nihai reform ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri neler?<\/b><\/p>\n

ABD, esasen devrimsel reformlara ihtiya\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duyulan noktan\u0131n, mutabakat\u0131n geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler lehine a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yorumlanarak i\u00e7tihat olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7in Eski DT\u00d6 Genel Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Pascal Lamy ise olduk\u00e7a radikal bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nermektedir: Temyiz Oran\u0131n\u0131n tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. Bu durumda Panel bir tahkim heyeti gibi faaliyet g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\n

DT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn \u015fimdiki Genel Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Roberto Azevedo ise \u00fclkelerin geni\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek bir s\u00fcrecin ard\u0131ndan krizin a\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri i\u00e7inde tahkim nas\u0131l \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor?<\/b><\/p>\n

DT\u00d6 Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm mekanizmas\u0131 krizi uluslararas\u0131 ticaret ile ilgili sorunlar\u0131n devletler aras\u0131nda da olsa nihai ve ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 tahkim d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn zorluklar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7inde tahkimin \u00e7ok da fazla bahsedilmeyen iki avantaj\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tahkim, hakimlerden olu\u015fan kal\u0131c\u0131 yarg\u0131 mekanizmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201ci\u00e7tihat yaratma\u201d niteli\u011fi daha az olan bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemidir. Hakem, h\u00e2kim gibi i\u00e7tihat yaratma kayg\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fctmez. Bu sayede uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar siyasi karar al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n fikir birli\u011fi ile olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 \u201ckonvansiyonlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmadan\u201d ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne ili\u015fkin konulara yo\u011funla\u015farak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer bir avantaj ise devletlerin taraf oldu\u011fu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar i\u00e7in \u00f6n plandad\u0131r. Devletler uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm mekanizmas\u0131ndan memnun olmad\u0131klar\u0131nda yarg\u0131\u00e7 atamas\u0131 yapmamak, maddi kaynaklar\u0131 k\u0131smak gibi \u00f6nlemlerle mekanizmalar\u0131 kilitleyebilmektedirler. Tahkim ise yap\u0131s\u0131 gere\u011fi uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tek taraf\u0131n\u0131n veya yarg\u0131 mercii taraf\u0131ndan kilitlenmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z bir yap\u0131dad\u0131r. Tahkim s\u00f6zle\u015fme ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k taraflar\u0131ndan sadece birinin inisiyatifi ile de y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

DT\u00d6 krizi de tahkimin bu iki avantaj\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, kurulu\u015funun 25. y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u00fcresel ticaret sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yeni cephesi haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. 2019…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":940,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false},"categories":[4,108],"tags":[41],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Mekanizmas\u0131nda Reform \u0130htiyac\u0131 | \u0130STA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0130STA taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Mekanizmas\u0131nda Reform \u0130htiyac\u0131 konulu yaz\u0131y\u0131 incelemek i\u00e7in sitemizi ziyaret edin.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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